J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jnr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 1, January 2025, pages 33-38

The Role of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate as a Prognostic Factor in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Figure

Figure 1. Mortality and functional impairment by hemorrhage type.

Tables

**Table 1.** Patient Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
Characteristic	Total (n = 82)	High ESR (n = 35)	Normal ESR (n = 47)
ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage.
Age (years)	65 (47 - 89)	68 (47 - 89)	62 (47 - 89)
Male (%)	54.9	57.1	53.2
Female (%)	45.1	42.9	46.8
GCS (score)	10.5	9.8	11.2
ICH volume (mL)	42.6	46.8	35.2
Hypertension (%)	72.5	77.1	68.1
Diabetes (%)	25	28.6	21.3
Atrial fibrillation (%)	18.7	22.9	14.9

**Table 2.** Secondary Outcomes and Functional Impairment at 6 Months
Outcome	Total (n = 82)	High ESR (n = 35)	Normal ESR (n = 47)	P	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV (%)	NPV (%)
ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value.
Mortality (%)	13.4	20.0	8.5	0.03	63.2%	61.8%	20%	91.5%
Functional impairment (%)	56.1	65.7	34.0	0.002	65.2%	70.8%	85.7%	53.2%
Mean hospital stay (days)	18.5	12.3	0.01
Rehabilitation needs (%)	58.6	31.9	0.005

**Table 3.** Logistic Regression Analysis
Variable	OR	95% CI	P value
ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage.
Elevated ESR (mortality)	2.5	1.2 - 5.3	0.01
Elevated ESR (functional impairment)	3.1	1.5 - 6.5	0.002
Age (years)	1.05	1.02 - 1.08	< 0.001
ICH volume (mL)	1.03	1.01 - 1.05	0.01

**Table 5.** Subgroup Analysis
Subgroup	OR	95% CI	P value
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Age > 70 (mortality)	3.8	1.7 - 8.3	0.001
Gender (male, functional impairment)	3.4	1.7 - 7.0	0.001