J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 000, Number 000, December 2024, pages 000-000

Role of Serum Biomarkers in the Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury

Figure 2. Graphical representation of the main protein biomarkers of cranial trauma associated with different pathophysiological processes in cranial trauma.

Figure 6. ROC curve related to NSE results. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; NSE: neuron-specific enolase.

Figure 7. Comparison of the performance of UCH-L1 and GFAP tests. GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; UCH-L1: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1.

Figure 8. ROC curve for the performance of UCH-L1. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; UCH-L1: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1.

Figure 9. (a) ROC curve for the performance of GFAP. (b) ROC curve for the performance of GFAP with 100% sensitivity. GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 13. ROC curve relative to NFL performance. NFL: neurofilament light chain; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 15. Comparison of ROC curves for the sensitivity attributed to the five dosed biomarkers. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.

**Table 1.** List of the 68 Total Cases of Traumatic Brain Injury Studied
Sample ID No.	Glasgow coma scale	Clinical information from radiological investigations
^aMild trauma. ^bModerate trauma. ^cSevere trauma.
1	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
2	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
3	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
4	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
5	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
6	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
7	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
8	15^a	Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the right central sulcus
9	14^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
10	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
11	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
12	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
13	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
14	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
15	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
16	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
17	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
18	3^c	Bedside chest X-ray
19	3^c	Right frontotemporal insular intracerebral hemorrhage, mesencephalic compression, infrarenal aortic aneurysm
20	15^a	Temporal laceration-contusion outbreakes, subarachnoid hemorrhage
21	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
22	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
23	15^a	Hyperdense subcortical outbreakes, hyperdense subdural layer
24	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
25	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
26	12^b	Traces of subarachnoid hematoma in the right upper frontal sulcus, atheromatous changes in the aortic arch
27	15^a	Subarachnoid hemorrhage in right frontal convexity, large left parietal-occipital hematoma
28	13^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
29	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
30	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
31	15^a	Intracranial hemorrhage, lacerated contusive focus of the right fronto-temporal parietal and left thalamic nerves, reduced thickness of the subdural layer, right fronto-temporal hyperdensity
32	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
33	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
34	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
101	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
102	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
103	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
104	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
105	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
106	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
107	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
108	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
109	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
110	15^a	Bilateral frontal subarachnoid hematoma, epicranial soft tissue hematoma
111	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
112	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
113	15^a	Frontal subgaleal hematoma, falx cerebri blood hyperdensity
114	8^c	Intraparenchymal capsulothalamic hemorrhage, subgaleal hematoma
115	15^a	Streaks of subarachnoid hematoma in the right precentral sulci and cortical blood foci
116	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
117	9^b	Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhagic area
118	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
119	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
120	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
121	15^a	Ematoma subaracnoideo temporale e frontale, focolaio lacero-contusivo cerebellare sinistro
122	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
123	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
124	15^a	Subcortical lacerated contusive foci, frontotemporal subarachnoid hematoma
125	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
126	15^a	Hyperdense areas of blood contusion right cortex, streaks of subarachnoid hematoma in the cerebrospinal fluid spaces
128	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
129	14^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
130	15^a	Subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage
131	14^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
132	15^a	Posterior fronto-mesial subarachnoid hematoma, subgaleal hematoma
133	15^a	Subdural hematoma, thin left median parafalcal blood layer
134	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions
135	15^a	No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

Table 1. List of the 68 Total Cases of Traumatic Brain Injury Studied

Sample ID No.

Glasgow coma scale

Clinical information from radiological investigations

^aMild trauma. ^bModerate trauma. ^cSevere trauma.

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the right central sulcus

14^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

3^c

Bedside chest X-ray

3^c

Right frontotemporal insular intracerebral hemorrhage, mesencephalic compression, infrarenal aortic aneurysm

15^a

Temporal laceration-contusion outbreakes, subarachnoid hemorrhage

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

Hyperdense subcortical outbreakes, hyperdense subdural layer

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

12^b

Traces of subarachnoid hematoma in the right upper frontal sulcus, atheromatous changes in the aortic arch

15^a

Subarachnoid hemorrhage in right frontal convexity, large left parietal-occipital hematoma

13^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

Intracranial hemorrhage, lacerated contusive focus of the right fronto-temporal parietal and left thalamic nerves, reduced thickness of the subdural layer, right fronto-temporal hyperdensity

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

101

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

102

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

103

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

104

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

105

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

106

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

107

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

108

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

109

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

110

15^a

Bilateral frontal subarachnoid hematoma, epicranial soft tissue hematoma

111

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

112

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

113

15^a

Frontal subgaleal hematoma, falx cerebri blood hyperdensity

114

8^c

Intraparenchymal capsulothalamic hemorrhage, subgaleal hematoma

115

15^a

Streaks of subarachnoid hematoma in the right precentral sulci and cortical blood foci

116

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

117

9^b

Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhagic area

118

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

119

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

120

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

121

15^a

Ematoma subaracnoideo temporale e frontale, focolaio lacero-contusivo cerebellare sinistro

122

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

123

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

124

15^a

Subcortical lacerated contusive foci, frontotemporal subarachnoid hematoma

125

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

126

15^a

Hyperdense areas of blood contusion right cortex, streaks of subarachnoid hematoma in the cerebrospinal fluid spaces

128

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

129

14^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

130

15^a

Subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage

131

14^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

132

15^a

Posterior fronto-mesial subarachnoid hematoma, subgaleal hematoma

133

15^a

Subdural hematoma, thin left median parafalcal blood layer

134

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

135

15^a

No evidence of traumatic intracranial lesions

**Table 2.** NSE Marker Results Associated With Acute Cranial Trauma
Sample ID No.	NSE (mg/L)	Severity of trauma
^aPathological values. ^bValues measured as borderline close to the clinical cutoff (17 mg/L). ^cSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. NSE: neuron-specific enolase.
102	15.9	Mild
103	29.3^a	Mild
104	11.1	Mild
105	18.2^a	Mild
106	41.1^a	Mild
108	13.7	Mild
109	17.7^b	Mild
110	14.3	Mild
111	15.1	Mild
112	15.4	Mild
114	13.3	Severe^c
118	14.9	Mild
121	19.0^a	Mild
122	130.0^a	Mild
123	119.0^a	Mild
124	32.7^a	Mild
125	19.1^a	Mild
126	27.3^a	Mild
128	17.5^b	Mild
129	68.4^a	Mild
131	16.4	Mild
132	48.3^a	Mild
133	46.7^a	Mild
134	13.7	Mild

Table 2. NSE Marker Results Associated With Acute Cranial Trauma

Sample ID No.

NSE (mg/L)

Severity of trauma

^aPathological values. ^bValues measured as borderline close to the clinical cutoff (17 mg/L). ^cSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. NSE: neuron-specific enolase.

102

15.9

Mild

103

29.3^a

Mild

104

11.1

Mild

105

18.2^a

Mild

106

41.1^a

Mild

108

13.7

Mild

109

17.7^b

Mild

110

14.3

Mild

111

15.1

Mild

112

15.4

Mild

114

13.3

Severe^c

118

14.9

Mild

121

19.0^a

Mild

122

130.0^a

Mild

123

119.0^a

Mild

124

32.7^a

Mild

125

19.1^a

Mild

126

27.3^a

Mild

128

17.5^b

Mild

129

68.4^a

Mild

131

16.4

Mild

132

48.3^a

Mild

133

46.7^a

Mild

134

13.7

Mild

**Table 3.** UCH-L1 Marker Results Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury
Sample ID No.	UCH-L1 (pg/mL)	Severity of trauma
^aPathological values. ^bValues measured as borderline close to the clinical cutoff (400 pg/mL). ^cSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. UCH-L1: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1.
1	203.8	Mild
2	563.3^a	Mild
3	1,953.3^a	Mild
4	203.8	Mild
5	294.2	Mild
6	122.1	Mild
7	113.7	Mild
8	325.1	Mild
9	665.5^a	Mild
10	207.1	Mild
11	400.3^b	Mild
12	842^a	Mild
13	377.1	Mild
14	279.1	Mild
15	1,526.1^a	Mild
16	1,934.1^a	Mild
17	634.2^a	Mild
18	25,000.0^a	Severe^c
19	1,545.5^a	Severe^c
20	85.0	Mild
21	226.3	Mild
22	158.0	Mild
23	460.9^a	Mild
24	324.2	Mild
25	117.1	Mild
26	664.0^a	Moderate^c
27	505.6^a	Mild
29	738.2^a	Mild
30	361.9	Mild
31	823.0^a	Mild
32	1,150.7^a	Mild
33	464.2^a	Mild
34	364.6	Mild
102	157.5	Mild
103	1,012.4^a	Mild
104	320.8	Mild
105	2,836.2^a	Mild
106	434.2^a	Mild
107	1,789.6^a	Mild
108	671.9^a	Mild
109	415.1^a	Mild
110	121.4	Mild
111	171.9	Mild
112	10,340.7^a	Mild
113	5,192.6^a	Mild
114	255.8	Severe^c
118	501.3^a	Mild
121	1,889.2^a	Mild
123	363.5	Mild
124	2,098.3^a	Mild
125	3,418.1^a	Mild
126	530.5^a	Mild
128	1,559.9^a	Mild
129	509.7^a	Mild
130	1,920.8^a	Mild
131	1,044.9^a	Mild
132	931.8^a	Mild
133	280.6	Mild
134	176.2	Mild

Table 3. UCH-L1 Marker Results Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury

Sample ID No.

UCH-L1 (pg/mL)

Severity of trauma

^aPathological values. ^bValues measured as borderline close to the clinical cutoff (400 pg/mL). ^cSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. UCH-L1: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1.

203.8

Mild

563.3^a

Mild

1,953.3^a

Mild

203.8

Mild

294.2

Mild

122.1

Mild

113.7

Mild

325.1

Mild

665.5^a

Mild

207.1

Mild

400.3^b

Mild

842^a

Mild

377.1

Mild

279.1

Mild

1,526.1^a

Mild

1,934.1^a

Mild

634.2^a

Mild

25,000.0^a

Severe^c

1,545.5^a

Severe^c

85.0

Mild

226.3

Mild

158.0

Mild

460.9^a

Mild

324.2

Mild

117.1

Mild

664.0^a

Moderate^c

505.6^a

Mild

738.2^a

Mild

361.9

Mild

823.0^a

Mild

1,150.7^a

Mild

464.2^a

Mild

364.6

Mild

102

157.5

Mild

103

1,012.4^a

Mild

104

320.8

Mild

105

2,836.2^a

Mild

106

434.2^a

Mild

107

1,789.6^a

Mild

108

671.9^a

Mild

109

415.1^a

Mild

110

121.4

Mild

111

171.9

Mild

112

10,340.7^a

Mild

113

5,192.6^a

Mild

114

255.8

Severe^c

118

501.3^a

Mild

121

1,889.2^a

Mild

123

363.5

Mild

124

2,098.3^a

Mild

125

3,418.1^a

Mild

126

530.5^a

Mild

128

1,559.9^a

Mild

129

509.7^a

Mild

130

1,920.8^a

Mild

131

1,044.9^a

Mild

132

931.8^a

Mild

133

280.6

Mild

134

176.2

Mild

**Table 4.** GFAP Marker Results Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury
Sample ID No.	GFAP (pg/mL)	Severity of trauma
^aPathological values above the clinical cutoff (35 pg/mL). ^bSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein.
1	195.6^a	Mild
2	42^a	Mild
3	171.8^a	Mild
4	37.3^a	Mild
5	59.5^a	Mild
6	30.1	Mild
7	223^a	Mild
8	497.9^a	Mild
9	99.4^a	Mild
10	16.9	Mild
11	192.8^a	Mild
12	25.1	Mild
13	70.9^a	Mild
14	77.6^a	Mild
15	304.7^a	Mild
16	28.6	Mild
17	15.1	Mild
18	976.9^a	Severe^b
19	8,124.9^a	Severe^b
20	140.2^a	Mild
21	102.2^a	Mild
22	374^a	Mild
23	1,204.5^a	Mild
24	40.6^a	Mild
25	11.3	Mild
26	148.3^a	Moderate^b
27	39.6^a	Mild
29	113.6^a	Mild
30	29.5	Mild
31	8,527.2^a	Mild
32	26.1	Mild
33	71.9^a	Mild
34	114.5^a	Mild
102	4.4	Mild
103	14.9	Mild
104	76.5^a	Mild
105	37.9^a	Mild
106	227.4^a	Mild
107	27.6	Mild
108	370^a	Mild
109	99.4^a	Mild
110	301^a	Mild
111	15.8	Mild
112	144.4^a	Mild
113	90.3^a	Mild
114	2,937.5^a	Severe^b
118	99.2^a	Mild
121	454.2^a	Mild
123	54.2^a	Mild
124	103.3^a	Mild
125	109.8^a	Mild
126	153.6^a	Mild
128	119.3^a	Mild
129	82.4^a	Mild
130	293.7^a	Mild
131	63^a	Mild
132	113.2^a	Mild
133	68.5^a	Mild
134	34.8	Mild

Table 4. GFAP Marker Results Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury

Sample ID No.

GFAP (pg/mL)

Severity of trauma

^aPathological values above the clinical cutoff (35 pg/mL). ^bSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein.

195.6^a

Mild

42^a

Mild

171.8^a

Mild

37.3^a

Mild

59.5^a

Mild

30.1

Mild

223^a

Mild

497.9^a

Mild

99.4^a

Mild

16.9

Mild

192.8^a

Mild

25.1

Mild

70.9^a

Mild

77.6^a

Mild

304.7^a

Mild

28.6

Mild

15.1

Mild

976.9^a

Severe^b

8,124.9^a

Severe^b

140.2^a

Mild

102.2^a

Mild

374^a

Mild

1,204.5^a

Mild

40.6^a

Mild

11.3

Mild

148.3^a

Moderate^b

39.6^a

Mild

113.6^a

Mild

29.5

Mild

8,527.2^a

Mild

26.1

Mild

71.9^a

Mild

114.5^a

Mild

102

4.4

Mild

103

14.9

Mild

104

76.5^a

Mild

105

37.9^a

Mild

106

227.4^a

Mild

107

27.6

Mild

108

370^a

Mild

109

99.4^a

Mild

110

301^a

Mild

111

15.8

Mild

112

144.4^a

Mild

113

90.3^a

Mild

114

2,937.5^a

Severe^b

118

99.2^a

Mild

121

454.2^a

Mild

123

54.2^a

Mild

124

103.3^a

Mild

125

109.8^a

Mild

126

153.6^a

Mild

128

119.3^a

Mild

129

82.4^a

Mild

130

293.7^a

Mild

131

63^a

Mild

132

113.2^a

Mild

133

68.5^a

Mild

134

34.8

Mild

**Table 5.** S100 Marker Results Associated With Acute Cranial Trauma
Sample ID No.	S100 (mg/L)	Severity of trauma
^aPathological values above the clinical cutoff (0.15 µg/L). ^bSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. S100: calcium-binding protein of astroglial origin.
1	0.31^a	Mild
2	0.37^a	Mild
3	1.02^a	Mild
4	0.05	Mild
5	0.07	Mild
6	0.10	Mild
7	0.02	Mild
8	0.21^a	Mild
9	0.02	Mild
10	0.09	Mild
11	0.23^a	Mild
12	0.47^a	Mild
13	0.12	Mild
14	0.12	Mild
15	1.72^a	Mild
16	2.33^a	Mild
17	0.54^a	Mild
18	28.84^a	Severe^b
19	2.09^a	Severe^b
20	0.09	Mild
21	0.13	Mild
22	0.12	Mild
23	0.2^a	Mild
24	0.18^a	Mild
25	0.08	Mild
26	0.70^a	Moderate^b
27	0.19^a	Mild
29	0.82^a	Mild
30	0.28^a	Mild
31	1.00^a	Mild
32	0.83^a	Mild
33	0.58^a	Mild
34	0.40^a	Mild
102	0.02	Mild
103	0.49^a	Mild
104	0.03	Mild
105	0.44^a	Mild
106	0.09	Mild
107	0.37^a	Mild
108	0.21^a	Mild
109	0.22^a	Mild
110	0.25^a	Mild
111	0.44^a	Mild
112	3.04^a	Mild
113	3.43^a	Mild
114	0.37^a	Severe^b
118	0.07	Mild
121	1.81^a	Mild
123	0.26^a	Mild
124	1.62^a	Mild
125	0.09	Mild
126	0.22^a	Mild
128	0.83^a	Mild
129	0.58^a	Mild
130	0.82^a	Mild
131	0.55^a	Mild
132	0.19^a	Mild
133	0.39^a	Mild
134	0.06	Mild

Table 5. S100 Marker Results Associated With Acute Cranial Trauma

Sample ID No.

S100 (mg/L)

Severity of trauma

^aPathological values above the clinical cutoff (0.15 µg/L). ^bSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. S100: calcium-binding protein of astroglial origin.

0.31^a

Mild

0.37^a

Mild

1.02^a

Mild

0.05

Mild

0.07

Mild

0.10

Mild

0.02

Mild

0.21^a

Mild

0.02

Mild

0.09

Mild

0.23^a

Mild

0.47^a

Mild

0.12

Mild

0.12

Mild

1.72^a

Mild

2.33^a

Mild

0.54^a

Mild

28.84^a

Severe^b

2.09^a

Severe^b

0.09

Mild

0.13

Mild

0.12

Mild

0.2^a

Mild

0.18^a

Mild

0.08

Mild

0.70^a

Moderate^b

0.19^a

Mild

0.82^a

Mild

0.28^a

Mild

1.00^a

Mild

0.83^a

Mild

0.58^a

Mild

0.40^a

Mild

102

0.02

Mild

103

0.49^a

Mild

104

0.03

Mild

105

0.44^a

Mild

106

0.09

Mild

107

0.37^a

Mild

108

0.21^a

Mild

109

0.22^a

Mild

110

0.25^a

Mild

111

0.44^a

Mild

112

3.04^a

Mild

113

3.43^a

Mild

114

0.37^a

Severe^b

118

0.07

Mild

121

1.81^a

Mild

123

0.26^a

Mild

124

1.62^a

Mild

125

0.09

Mild

126

0.22^a

Mild

128

0.83^a

Mild

129

0.58^a

Mild

130

0.82^a

Mild

131

0.55^a

Mild

132

0.19^a

Mild

133

0.39^a

Mild

134

0.06

Mild

**Table 6.** Results Related to the NFL Marker Dosage
Sample ID No.	NFL (pg/mL)	Severity of trauma
^aPathological values. ^bValues measured as borderline close to the clinical cutoff (21 pg/mL). ^cSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. NFL: neurofilament light chain.
1	26.06^a	Mild
2	19.31	Mild
3	24.49^a	Mild
4	36.17^a	Mild
5	45.16^a	Mild
6	12.07	Mild
7	25.11^a	Mild
8	22.39^a	Mild
9	263.77^a	Mild
10	14.75	Mild
11	130.01^a	Mild
12	13.85	Mild
13	81.28^a	Mild
14	63.88^a	Mild
15	47.43^a	Mild
16	30.94^a	Mild
17	12.68	Mild
18	109.50^a	Severe^c
19	111.49^a	Severe^c
20	27.98^a	Mild
21	29.09^a	Mild
22	8.15	Mild
23	22.71^a	Mild
24	9.24	Mild
25	6.75	Mild
26	28.30^a	Moderate^c
27	60.54^a	Mild
29	46.17^a	Mild
30	27.92^a	Mild
31	72.45^a	Mild
32	7.92	Mild
33	16.85	Mild
34	20.03	Mild
102	11.14	Mild
103	15.15	Mild
104	76.03^a	Mild
105	21.66^b	Mild
106	228.70^a	Mild
107	75.05^a	Mild
108	36.50^a	Mild
109	8.76	Mild
110	10.80	Mild
111	4.88	Mild
112	13.10	Mild
113	24.11^a	Mild
114	38.81^a	Severe^c
116	26.59^a	Mild
117	79.50^a	Moderate^c
118	15.47	Mild
119	42.00^a	Mild
120	9.95	Mild
121	23.20^a	Mild
123	28.76^a	Mild
124	9.90	Mild
125	113.89^a	Mild
126	30.29^a	Mild
128	78.76^a	Mild
129	176.69^a	Mild
130	28.25^a	Mild
131	23.52^a	Mild
132	68.07^a	Mild
133	837.72^a	Mild
134	13.08	Mild

Table 6. Results Related to the NFL Marker Dosage

Sample ID No.

NFL (pg/mL)

Severity of trauma

^aPathological values. ^bValues measured as borderline close to the clinical cutoff (21 pg/mL). ^cSevere or moderate severity of the trauma. NFL: neurofilament light chain.

26.06^a

Mild

19.31

Mild

24.49^a

Mild

36.17^a

Mild

45.16^a

Mild

12.07

Mild

25.11^a

Mild

22.39^a

Mild

263.77^a

Mild

14.75

Mild

130.01^a

Mild

13.85

Mild

81.28^a

Mild

63.88^a

Mild

47.43^a

Mild

30.94^a

Mild

12.68

Mild

109.50^a

Severe^c

111.49^a

Severe^c

27.98^a

Mild

29.09^a

Mild

8.15

Mild

22.71^a

Mild

9.24

Mild

6.75

Mild

28.30^a

Moderate^c

60.54^a

Mild

46.17^a

Mild

27.92^a

Mild

72.45^a

Mild

7.92

Mild

16.85

Mild

20.03

Mild

102

11.14

Mild

103

15.15

Mild

104

76.03^a

Mild

105

21.66^b

Mild

106

228.70^a

Mild

107

75.05^a

Mild

108

36.50^a

Mild

109

8.76

Mild

110

10.80

Mild

111

4.88

Mild

112

13.10

Mild

113

24.11^a

Mild

114

38.81^a

Severe^c

116

26.59^a

Mild

117

79.50^a

Moderate^c

118

15.47

Mild

119

42.00^a

Mild

120

9.95

Mild

121

23.20^a

Mild

123

28.76^a

Mild

124

9.90

Mild

125

113.89^a

Mild

126

30.29^a

Mild

128

78.76^a

Mild

129

176.69^a

Mild

130

28.25^a

Mild

131

23.52^a

Mild

132

68.07^a

Mild

133

837.72^a

Mild

134

13.08

Mild